Principle: A spouse is not permitted to put in evidence in any court, any communication during marriage between the spouses without the consent of the person who made the communication. Facts: X who is the wife of Y saw her husband (Y) coming out of the neighbour's house at 6.00 am in the morning. Y told his wife X that he has murdered the neighbour and handed over the jewellery of that neighbour to his wife.

Principle: Inducing any animal to move or to change its motion and thereby intentionally causing fear of injury or annoyance to others by such act, is an offence of use of criminal force. Facts: X incites his dog to chase and run after his neighbour Y, to teach Y to stay away fro…

Principle: Oral evidence must always be direct i.e. of the person who says he saw the event and hearsay evidence is no evidence. Facts: X was told by Y (whom X trusts) that Z has murdered A

Principle: Use of criminal force intentionally knowing that it would cause or is likely to cause injury or annoyance to the person against whom force is used, is an offence. Facts: X, a renowned social worker who had launched a movement for liberation of women, pulls up a Muslim…

Principle: Terms of any written contract can be proved by producing the written contract only and oral evidence is excluded. Facts: A gives B receipt for money paid by B. Oral evidence is offered to prove payment.

Principle: Killing is not murder, if it is committed in a sudden fight without pre-meditation in a heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel. Facts: X and Y were buying liquor from a liquor shop at 7 pm. Y abused X and there was quarrel between them. X told Y that he will not spare h…

Principle: Employer is liable for the injury caused to the employee in the course of his employment. Facts: X organized a party and hired a caterer. During the party, generator set went out of order and he requested one employee of caterer i.e. Y to bring the mechanic on his vehi…

Principle: Whoever causes death by rash or negligent act commits an offence. Facts: X is having a house on the roadside which is also having a street on the back of the house. He has a lawn on the back of his house where he has built a toilet. To prevent the intruders from enteri…

Principle: Master is liable for the acts of his servant done in the course of his duties. Facts: X hired an employee Y in his construction business. Y was the property in-charge who received construction material and gave receipts for the material received by him. Z claimed payme…