PRINCIPLE: When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done, by him alone. FACTS: Roshan along with two of his friends, Tushar and Tarang proceeded to the house of Darshan in order to avenge an insult made by the brother of Darshan. They opened fire on the members of Darshan's family. It was found that the shots of Roshan did not hit anyone, but the shots of Tushar and Tarang succeeded in killing Darshan.

PRINCIPLE: Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it. FACTS: 'A', a police officer, without warrant, apprehends 'Z', who has committed murder.

PRINCIPLE: No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person. FACTS: 'A', a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in…

PRINCIPLE: Whoever, being legally bound to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, furnishes, as true, information on the subject which he knows or has reason to believe to be false, has committed a punishable offence of furnishing false information. FA…

PRINCIPLE: Interference with another's goods in such a way as to deny the latter's title to the goods amounts to conversion, and thus it is a civil wrong. It is an act intentionally done inconsistent with the owner's right, though the doer may not know of, or intends to challenge…

PRINCIPLE: Nuisance is an unlawful interference with a person's use or enjoyment of land or some right over or in connection with it. If the interference is 'direct', the wrong is trespass; whereas, if the interference is 'consequential', it amounts to nuisance. FACTS: 'A' plants…

PRINCIPLE: Whoever unlawfully or negligently does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be guilty of a negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life. FACT…

PRINCIPLE: Trespass to land means direct interference with the possession of land without lawful justification. Trespass could be committed either by a person himself entering the land of another person or doing the same through some tangible object(s). FACTS: 'A' throws some sto…

PRINCIPLE: Whoever drives any vehicle, or rides, on any public way in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, has committed offence, which shall be punished in accordance with the law. FACTS: 'X', a tru…